Hope for Blindness: Genes Mapped in Research Atlas
A groundbreaking study conducted by Harvard scientists has resulted in the development of a comprehensive catalog of cell types found in the human eye, along with the genes expressed by each type. This extensive analysis, referred to as a cell atlas of the human eye, not only has the potential to lead to more effective gene therapies for blindness but also provides valuable insights into the complex nature of human vision.
Uncovering Genes Causing Blindness
The research team, led by neurobiologist Joshua Sanes, dedicated over a decade to this project. Their goal was to determine where, when, and why disease-causing genes associated with glaucoma and macular degeneration are expressed in the visual system. By identifying the specific cell types expressing these genes, the atlas can guide the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
Mapping Genes Across the Entire Eye
Drawing upon the success of single-cell RNA sequencing technology, the researchers initially focused on cataloging genes expressed in the neural retina, a key element of vision. Recognizing the relevance of other eye structures, such as the cornea and optic nerve, in vision impairment, they extended their analysis to encompass the entire human eye. The team examined 151,000 single cells, including those from the optic nerve, sclera, optic nerve head, and retinal pigment epithelium, successfully identifying almost 160 different cell types.
To demonstrate the practical application of their findings, the researchers mapped the expression of over 180 genes associated with glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Surprisingly, they discovered these genes were expressed in various cell types, including unexpected locations like the retinal pigment epithelium.
Unexpected Gene Expression Locations: To demonstrate the practical application of their findings, the researchers mapped the expression of over 180 genes associated with glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Surprisingly, they discovered these genes were expressed in various cell types, including unexpected locations like the retinal pigment epithelium.
Insights into Human Vision Evolution
The implications of this extensive genetic mapping extend beyond therapeutic applications. The study also sheds light on the evolution of human vision. To further investigate this, Sanes’ laboratory has created similar neural cell atlases for primates, rodents, fish, birds, and other animal species. Comparing the shared cell types across species provides valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that have influenced different retinal designs.
This groundbreaking research received funding from the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative and the National Institutes of Health, highlighting the significance and potential impact of these findings in the field of vision research.
